Additional research by Timothy B, Afton Briones, Sarah Grossman, Alexandra Malikova, Mitchell Polman, Paul Douthwaite, Olivia Gresham, Bonny Albo, Adam Arthur, Robert Chapman of the Bellingcat Volunteer Community.

Youri van der Weide and Aiganysh Aidarbekova contributed to this report.

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Satellite images are courtesy of Yandex, Maxar, Airbus, MapBox and Google Earth.

This project was co-funded by the European Union under agreement number 101158277-BENEDMO-2023-DEPLOY-04.