Table of Links

Abstract and 1 Introduction

2 Background

2.1 Data Augmentation

2.2 Anchor Regression

3 Anchor Data Augmentation

3.1 Comparison to C-Mixup and 3.2 Preserving nonlinear data structure

3.3 Algorithm

4 Experiments and 4.1 Linear synthetic data

4.2 Housing nonlinear regression

4.3 In-distribution Generalization

4.4 Out-of-distribution Robustness

5 Conclusion, Broader Impact, and References

A Additional information for Anchor Data Augmentation

B Experiments

5 Conclusion

We introduced Anchor Data Augmentation (ADA), an extension of Anchor Regression for the purpose of data augmentation. AR is a novel causal approach to increase the robustness in regression problems. In ADA, we systematically mix multiple samples based on a collective similarity criterion, which is determined via clustering. The augmented samples are modifications of the original samples that are moved towards or away from the cluster centroids based on the desired degree of robustness in AR. Our empirical evaluations across diverse synthetic and real-world regression problems consistently demonstrate the effectiveness of ADA, especially for limited data availability. ADA is competitive with or outperforms state-of-the-art data augmentation strategies for regression problems, even though the improvements are marginal on some datasets.

ADA can be applied to any regression setting, and we have not found any case in which the results were detrimental. To apply ADA, we only need to cluster our data and select a distribution for γ. We relied on vanilla k-means, and the results are robust with respect to the number of clusters. Other clustering algorithms might be more suitable for different applications. For setting the parameter γ, we used a uniform distribution. We believe a gamma distribution could be equally effective.

Broader Impact

The purpose of data augmentation is to compensate for data scarcity in multiple domains where gathering and labeling data accurately by experts is impractical, expensive, or time-consuming. If applied properly, it can effectively expand the training dataset, reduce overfitting and improve the model’s robustness, as was shown in the paper. However, It is important to note that the choice and combination of the data augmentation technique depends on the specific problem and using the wrong augmentation method may introduce additional bias to the model. More generally, incorrect data augmentation can lead to the following problems: overfitting the augmented data, loss of important information, introduction of unrealistic patterns and imbalanced presentation of the data. Detecting emerging problems due to data augmentation may not be straightforward. In particular, the performance on a test distribution that matches the training data distribution may be misleading and the model’s predictions should be used with caution on new data that reflects the potential distribution shifts or variations encountered in real-world.

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